The specific cause of bladder cancer isn’t always known, since researchers and healthcare providers aren’t 100% sure why some bladder cells mutate and become cancerous. If you or your loved one develops bladder cancer, medical professionals may prescribe pembrolizumab, padce, and keytruda as treatment medications. Further treatment can include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and more. However, there are some common causes of bladder cancer to be aware of:

1. Smoking
For those who smoke cigarettes, the risk of developing bladder cancer is more than doubled—it is the most common risk factor. Pipes, cigars, and exposure to second-hand smoke can also increase the risk of permanent bladder damage or bladder cancer.

2. Chronic catheter use
Individuals who have a chronic need for a catheter might be at risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, a cancer that begins in squamous cells. These are known as the flat, thin cells that line the inside of the bladder.

3. Chemical exposure
Exposure to certain chemicals such as those used in dyes, paint, leather, rubber, hairdressing supplies, and some textiles can lead to an increased risk of bladder cancer. For individuals who work around these products, caution should be exercised to minimize the risk of developing bladder cancer.

4. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Bladder cancer can also be caused by radiotherapy that has been undergone to treat other cancers near the bladder, such as bowel cancer. Similarly, some medications used for prior chemotherapy—cyclophosphamide and cisplatin, for instance—can increase one’s risk of developing cancer in the bladder.

5. Bladder stones and bladder infections
For individuals who suffer with bladder stones or repeated urinary infections, bladder cancer might be more of a risk. However, the symptoms of bladder cancer can often be mixed up with the symptoms of bladder stones and UTIs—as well as gynecological issues and cystitis—and lead to misdiagnosis, which is something to keep in mind when getting symptoms checked out.

So, while researchers and healthcare providers don’t always know the exact cause of bladder cancer, there are still many common causes to be mindful of. Practicing healthy habits—quitting smoking and avoiding, or at least being careful around, harmful chemicals, for example—can decrease your risk of developing bladder cancer.